C5D Labs · Economic Indicators · 01

Money÷Utility

One ounce of gold, priced in pounds of copper. Gold is the metal the world saves; copper is the metal the world uses. Their ratio is a running vote on which matters more right now, and the supply machinery underneath it, mines, scrap yards, and vaults, is stranger than the price chart lets on.

Gold ÷ Copper
lb/oz
pounds of copper per ounce of gold ·
Gold
USD per troy oz, COMEX front month
Copper
USD per lb, COMEX front month
US 10Y yield
%
the ratio's usual dance partner

The ratio, 2000 to today

High readings mean the market is paying up for money over work: recessions, crises, debasement scares. Low readings mean industry is outbidding fear. The 10-year Treasury yield rides below because copper/gold and yields normally move together; when they split, one of them is usually wrong.

Monthly closes, COMEX GC / HG front-month futures and ^TNX · shaded bands are NBER US recessions · snapshot 2026-07-08
View as table

The fingerprint: stock vs flow

You can tell a money-metal from a utility-metal without looking at a price chart. Money accumulates: nearly every ounce of gold ever mined is sitting in a vault, a bank, or a drawer, and yearly production barely dents the pile. Utility gets consumed: copper leaves the market and disappears into walls, motors and grids for decades.

Gold

behaves like money
Price per tonne
Mined 20253,672 t
Recycled 20251,404 t
Above-ground stock219,891 t
Stock still recoverable~100%
years of mine supply already sit above ground. New production is a rounding error on the pile; the price is set by the stock, not the flow.

Copper

behaves like utility
Price per tonne
Mined 2024~23,000,000 t
Refined use, per year~27,000,000 t
Ever mined, all history~700,000,000 t
Still in service~2/3, embedded
weeks
of consumption held in exchange warehouses. The in-use stock is real but locked in buildings and grids; the price is set by the flow.
Gold · value of one year of new supply (5,002 t)
Copper · value of one year of refined use (~27 Mt)

 

The hidden supply: recycling is the valve

Mine output moves slowly; permits and shafts take a decade. The fast supply response in both metals is scrap, and it works completely differently on each side of the ratio.

Gold supply mix, 2025 (5,002 t total)
Mine 3,672 t · 73%
Recycled 1,404 t · 27%
Copper supply mix, ~27 Mt refined use
Primary (mined) ~70%
Scrap ~30%
Copper scrap splits into ~17% re-refined and ~13% direct-melt (ICSG / ICA estimates).
Gold · the 2025 anomaly

Gold rose 67% in 2025. Recycling rose 3%. In 2009 a far smaller rally pulled a record 1,728 t out of drawers and jewelry boxes. The old negative-feedback valve, price up, scrap floods out, price capped, barely opened this time. Either near-market scrap is exhausted, or holders expect higher prices. Both readings are hiding in a supply table, not on the chart.

Copper · the 30-year lag

Copper scrap comes from demolished buildings and retired machines, so today's scrap pool reflects what the world installed decades ago, when annual use was roughly half of today's. No price can conjure scrap that was never put in service. Copper's recycling valve is real but it opens on a delay measured in decades.

The asymmetry

Gold "recycling" is not recovery, it is stock mobilization: the entire 219,891 t pile is potential supply at some price. Copper's above-ground stock mostly cannot come to market at any price this year. That asymmetry is why gold rallies used to self-limit and copper squeezes do not.

Supply-valve thought experiment

Drag the sliders to see how much the scrap valve could move each side of the ratio. This is arithmetic on the 2025 supply mix, not a forecast.

Gold recycled next year1,404 t
More scrap → more supply into a stock-driven market → pressure on the ratio is down.
Copper scrap share of use30%
More scrap → less call on mines in a flow-driven market → pressure on the ratio is up.